Benefits Of Farm Machinery Environmental Sciences Essay

Benefits Of Farm railroad carry Environmental Sciences EssayMan as a power unit is futile and non yieldive. He is confined to slightly 0.1 horse power uninterrupted turnout, hence account almost nothing as a source of power. Thus if a spring uper wants to create an respectable output from his fag he must be an efficient producer. Undoubtedly this efficiency will rely on the substitution of human beings and livestock labor with machinery. This replacement is termed as farm mechanisation. Actually farm automation is any on-farm operation which carries some of fol miserableing goals like 1- to increase the production, 2- tone down the price of production, 3- improve quality of farm produce, 4- increase turnout per farm worker, 5- convey the farm life easy and enjoyable, 6- stabilize the clumsy labor peaks.Farm mechanization is sociological-cum-technological complex. Some people of our farming theorize that mechanization will fallout in unemployment, thus they perceive that it is an opulence of wealthy nations. Some others think that it bears handle of benefits so should be adopted on a monolithic scale. Still some canvass for partial mechanization of their farms. Later idea of partial mechanization looks economically conceivable.In past some decades many developing countries have begun agricultural and livestock ground powered by machines rather by animals and human labor and in this regard Pakistan is no exception. The trend of mechanization is bound to go up with the passage of judgment of conviction in a natural evolutionary manner. A general awakening among the farmers about different aspects of farm mechanization does exist. Work has started on various fronts to implement the concepts of mechanization.Combine farming System forthwith a days concept of combine farming system is gaining popularity. According to this concept a farmer runs both livestock and agricultural farm at the same judgment of conviction. Benefit is that he obtains fodder a nd other ingredients utilise in concentrate formulation from agricultural section while fertilizer for his crops from the livestock section.Problems of the blood line SectorMastitis is the major limitation for our milk animals. It has two forms clinical and sub-clinical. Clinical form is visually detectable and can be treated but conundrum arises in solecism of sub-clinical form which can not be unmasked at earlier stage. Thus milk quality accommodates compromised causing economic losses.Second come forward is failing to detect estrus by the farmer in time and traverseing the animals. Furthermore silent heat is alike a contributing cistron resulting in failure to breed animals in time and delay in getting calf. some(prenominal) be de decorateental in achieving desired livestock farming goals.Another dilemma in livestock farming is to diagnose pregnant animals. It is requirement to know about the status of animal to provide it proper breast feeding c ar and feed according ly or sometime to sell it.More all over milking time and labor necessitate, medications, restraining, routine farm chores like castration, dehorning, shearing, clipping, identification marks and step-down heat stress all seek solutions in some sort of machinery or equipment which should be reliable and trustworthy.Possible Solution in Form of Machinery crook for Detection of MastitisTo detect mastitis in its earliest stage an electrical device (fig.1) can be utilize having sensors built in it which are able to wizard instant changes in electrical resistance produced by somatic cells in mastitic milk. By incorporating this device in mastitis control program one can be able to treat it before fixed damage to secretory tissue and economic losses to keep from happening. Some diagnostic tests for sub-clinical mastitis exist but they become laborious and expensive as well on herd basis.Device for Detection of EstrusIt is necessary to know exactly the time when animal ovulates to bree d them. For this direct a device (Fig.2) which senses electrical changes in vaginal fluids due to hormonal concentrations can be used. It has got a probe which is inserted in vagina and then reading is taken. Reading will be 260 when animal is going to ovulate (Fig.3). So to determine the exact moment for breeding one or two readings in days when animal is likely to come in heat rather than visually observing them will be more efficient.Fig.2Fig.3Ultra Sound MachineIt is essential to diagnose pregnancy earlier and to identify fertility rate problems at individual and herd level. By using ultrasonography scanner it can be achieved by day 30 of gestation which is far earlier than rectal palpation. An accuracy of 99 percent can be achieved by using ultrasound added with the advantage of safety over rectal palpation which can harm the embryo at this stage.Fig.4Milking MachineIt is actually a mechanism designed to spoil milk from udder of milking animal. It consists of teat cups, cl aw, vacuum tubes, and source of vacuum, pulsator and milk tube. Two types are being used one which is fixed and installed in shed or pen and second is portable and can be moved anywhere at farm quite easily. Use of milking machine is gaining importance as it is time and labor saving and assures hygienic stack awayion of milk. Its use on herd basis overly reduces mastitis cases if properly of importtained and implemented carefully.Fig.5 Portable Milking Machine spry Feeding TroughCertain conditions have been ob deal outd in field that animal graze at pasture where there is no arrangement for tipsiness water and concentrate feeding. So for this purpose animal are brought to the shed for some time and again sent to graze. To solve this problem a stadium can be mounted on wheels and drawn with a small tractor to provide concentrate, minerals and water to the animals at their grazing place.Sprinkler machineTemperature may override 45C in our country during summer months and our main dairy animal buffalo is more sensitive to heat stress than cows and other animals. This is drive for an increased number of deaths due to heat stroke cases in these months. So to provide protection against higher(prenominal) environmental temperature sprinkler may be used to shower bath water on animals.Nipple watererIt is an implement to provide water to the animals automatically. It helps to ensure availability of fresh clean drinking water and saves wastage of water by the animals.Besides all these machine there is a long list of equipments which can be used on a livestock farm to make the farm operations easy. But here we are going to enlist those which are most needed.They includeBurdizzo castrator This gives several advantages over surgical manners when a large number of calves, rams or buck are to be castrated. It provides bloodless castration and safety from post operative contamination of wounds.Bull nose holder and ring Nose holder can be used when animal has to be re strained temporarily while nose rings are apply for permanent restraint and then rope or chain can be attached to ring when animal is required to move somewhere.Mouth gag It is used to keep the mouth of animal open for examination of mouth or some other medical purposes.Anti Cow Kicker and Anti Kick chevron These are used to immobilize the animals while injecting some medicine or rectal palpation. (Fig.6)Fig.6Electric Dehorner This is used to disbud the calves at an early age when horns are not attached to the skull and are floating buds. It burns them and there further growth is restricted.Shearing and Hair Clipping Machines Former one is used to trim the sheep wool usually and previous one is used to clip the hairs of certain region to avoid contamination. For example udder or area around venereal organs.Tattooing forceps and Ear Notcher Tattooing forceps are used to make identification marks and ear notcher is used to make V-shaped cut on ear of animal. This will be steadying in record keeping and recognizing the animals individually.Drenching and Balling Guns These are beneficial in administering medicines. Drenching gun to give liquid solution and balling gun to give boluses.Problems of agrarian SectorNow a days progress in agricultural sector does not seems to be possible without using new agricultural implements. It is necessary to have new implements at farm and also to use them properly to get maximum utility. According to an estimate approximately 80% of farmer of our country dont know about latest agricultural implements. The implements which have gained popularity and wide use as tractor plows are cultivator and disc harrows. Hardly anywhere in population these are used as plows. Matter of truth is that for plowing purposes commonly used implements are mould board plows and disc plows, while cultivator is used as secondary tilth implement for tilling ground, stirring and aerating wry land as well as for intercultural operation. It has also been noticed that in heavy deformity a hard trash is created at a very shallow depth due to the continued use of cultivator and harrow for purpose of plowing. This pan creates problems of inadequate penetration of roots improper drainage on account of incorrect use of implements optimum result can not be expected.It is also miserable that our farmer is wasting much water because of his ill planed and unleveled farms and ditches. Our farmers do level their field by means of Karah without applying engineering techniques and naturally field lacks on the nose aim. Even slight surface undulation of few inches in fields creates high and low spots resulting in water holding in low patches and less water supply in higher spots. Consequences of both are detrimental.Possible Solution in Form of MachineryAgricultural implements are broadly categorized in primary and secondary tillage implements, general agricultural implements and instruments for land leveling. Tillage is actually working with soil by implements as that mechanical soil stirring actions carried on to provide conditions favorable to growth of crop.Primary tillage implements (used in initial preparation of land) includeSubsoiler which is used where soil compaction is enter and hard pan is formed in field. It breaks and looses the soil. It can be used with 45 horse power tractor and can work up to 24 inches deep. deceive plow can be used where upper layer of soil is fertile but deeper layer is not so much fertile sort of it may contain more minerals. It can plow at depth of 20 inches. Use of chisel plow will improve soil fertility by providing space, natural elements like sunlight and rain to roots of represents. It may require 50-85 horse power tractors. Disk plows will serve to mix the left-hand(a) over crop roots and weeds in soil properly and is suitable for rain-fed areas as it prevents soil erosion by wind and water.Fig.7Secondary tillage implements includeDisk harrow that helps to prepare se ed bed by making the soil granular as it is more suitable structure for plant growth. Soil aeration and moisture conservation capacity improves and weeds are mixed in soil and decompose so used as fertilizer. Cultivator is also called tine tiller. It is used to stir and pulverize the soil before planting, to decamp the weeds and improving soil aeration after crop is grown. Rotavator is used to prepare the land for nigh crop after previous crop has taken. It is better to use it before planting husk, cotton, maize and guar. It breaks the soil and mixes the stems, stubbles and other unwanted weeds which after decomposing serve as fertilizer.Fig.8General agricultural implements includeDitcher is used to make ditches (furrow or trench) for soil irrigation and also for correction of already made trenches. Border disk or Bund former is used to make border around the cultivated land for separation. It will help to reduce loss of water. Ridger is used to make small ridges (crests) at equal distances for crop planting.Fig.9Instruments for land levelingIn our country most of farmers level their lands by manual methods using land scraper and land planer. In this method land is not accurately leveled. In 1976-77 program of water management was launched by government. In this program a method was deviced to level land with roly-poly level, land scraper and land planer. But it gained no popularity because it requires lot of efforts, time and does not yield excellent results. Now laser technology for land leveling is forthcoming which most accurate method is. It is a thumb rule in aeration by land leveling that difference of not more than 2 cm should be present between any two points of field. In our country 5-10 cm or more is observed. Laser land leveling system ternion main components 1- vector which rotates and emits rays and is applied anywhere in field to be leveled 2- receiver which is installed on land scraper behind tractor, it first receives signal by transmitt er and sends to the interface unit 3- hydraulic system of tractor which works according to command of interface unit and automatically uses land scraper to level the land.Fig.10Besides land leveling irrigation practices can also be improved by using new methods like irrigation by sprinkler and drip irrigation. In former method water is sprinkled over the crop by pipelines and in drip irrigation a network of pipelines is installed in the land and water is provided drop by drop to roots of plants by nozzles. Both are helpful in reducing water losses.Drill machineDrilling refers to outfit sowing of seed. Before introduction of seed drill sowing, this is a inefficient method. Seed drill is a device used to precisely position the seed at equal distance and cover them with soil. It ensures sowing of crop in time reduces cost of production and improves seed germination and yields.Fig.11 Seed drillFertilizer Band Placement drillIn our country fertilizer is also applied by broadcast method by which only 15-25% is utilized by crop. Seeder-cum-fertilizer drills being used apply fertilizer either too far from seed or too near to it. Both affect seed germination and reduce yield. So fertilizer band placement drill was created by farm machinery institute, NARC Islamabad. It applies fertilizer at distance of 5cm and 5cm lower than the seed. In this way crop utilizes 60-70% more efficiently.Fig.12Harvesting machineWheat and rice are main food crops in our country as well as their by products are used in concentrate making for cattle and buffalo. During harvest-festival gentle of both shortage of labor is observed through out country. So after applying lot of efforts it becomes necessary to get crops in time and reduce losses. To accomplish this deficiency a harvesting machine should be used which cuts and aligns these crops, harvested rows are then picked up by laborers. It is and intermediate method between manual and mechanized harvesting.Threshing machineAfter harvest ing wheat crop is flailed in threshing machine. This machine has threshing drum in which beater or cutter re is revolved at a very high speed by attaching it with tractor or high capacity electric motor. Grains are separated and chopped drinking straw plus grains fall on sieve having centre size of 5 mm, thus allowing only grains to fall on second sieve below with pore size of 2 mm. Straw is blown out by fans and collected. From second sieve only dust particles, stones or any other foreign cloth less than 2mm size falls and fine grains are obtained.Combine harvesting technologyA latest technology to save time and labor required is to harvest and thresh crops at the same time. This technology has combined three tasks in single operation i.e. cutting, binding and then flailing. Its use is limited to few government farms currently in our country.Chopping machine for wheat strawHarvesting machines only pick up upper portion of crop that is grains and leave high stem. Many farmers in our country burn left over straw in fields which damages organic matter of soil and also wastes wheat straw that can be fed to cattle. So after taking wheat crop chopping machine should be used in field to collect all the straw left behind. It picks up straw and cuts high stubbles, after chopping blows processed straw in separate trolley.Fig.13TractorsIt is vehicle-cum-machine, bears lot of power to do a variety of farm operations, and has many benefits for the farmer. It is used to pull all agricultural implements, most of agricultural machinery and to transport heavy goods. Many types of tractors like Massey Ferguson, FIAT, Belarus and ford are being used in our country but only two types Massey Ferguson and FIAT are most popular and have achieved 80% deletion. FIATs are acquirable in 55-85 horse power range and Massey Ferguson is available in 50-85 horse power. Each model has unique characteristics like power steering, number of cylinders, disk stop and four wheeler.Machine fo r Hay ConditioningHay is sun dried fodder with less than 20% moisture. During the time it takes to dry it is also subject to environmental factors like temperature, wind velocity, soil moisture, solar radiation and relative humidity. So processing time should be reduced. In developed countries a machine for convert conditioning is being used which has rollers made up of plastic usually and crushes fodder crop and aligns in rows. By crushing action 1- time to dry reduces by 50% and hay will be less exposed to sun rays 2- plant is killed sooner and nutrients are preserved and resulting hay will be palatable.Baling machineIt is a type of machine which is used to make compact bales of already cut and raked crop. Mostly a baler which makes round bales is used.Fodder chopping machineFor harvesting and then chopping the fodder crop a tractor operated machine should be used which performs both action at the same time and puts chopped fodder in separate trolley known as chopper box that can be pulled by tractor to use as mobile feeder wagon for the purpose of filling manger in large sheds.Fig.14ConclusionAs population is increasing human needs for food are also increasing. Plant and animal proteins are integral part of our diet. So to meet these increasing demands for food definitely require some amendments in livestock and agricultural farming practices. oddment seems obvious that is to increase per animal production in case of livestock farming and production per acre in case of agricultural farming without compromising product quality in relatively shorter time. To accomplish this we have to reduce cost of production, labor involved and to increase output per farm worker. These goals can be satisfied by using machinery and new technology.No doubt mechanization carries tremendous benefits with it but all the machinery is not in access of our small farmers. In case of large agricultural and livestock farms trends are being changed and labor is being replaced by mac hinery. Some efforts should be done by government to make dear(p) machinery in reach of small farmer. Moreover farmers dont know about all new options which are now available. So extension programs should be run for the cognisance of farmers which may contain both objectives to introduce machinery and how to use it and get maximum output. Skilled technicians should be available to use them properly. To achieve this goal training programs should be started at government farms for farmer that are cost free. These recommendations will certainly improve status of farm mechanization in our country.